350 lines
14 KiB
Python
350 lines
14 KiB
Python
# =============================================================================
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# Real Data Acquisition Demo — Baostock
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# 真实数据获取演示 — Baostock 版
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# =============================================================================
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#
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# Baostock (http://baostock.com) 是一个完全免费、无需注册的 A 股数据源。
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# 与 AKShare 的区别：不需要 Token、不走东方财富 API（避免反爬封 IP）、
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# 但数据更新慢（通常滞后 1-2 天）、不支持 ETF 日线数据。
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#
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# Prerequisites:
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# pip install baostock pandas numpy
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#
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# Baostock 的特点:
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# • 本地 SDK 直连服务器，无代理问题
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# • 股票代码格式: "sh.600519" / "sz.000001"
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# • 数据全是字符串，需要手动转换类型
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# • 登录/登出模型: bs.login() → 操作 → bs.logout()
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# • adjustflag: 1=后复权 2=前复权 3=不复权
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# • frequency: d=日 w=周 m=月 5=5分钟 15=15分钟 30=30分钟 60=60分钟
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# =============================================================================
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from __future__ import annotations
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import warnings
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warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
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import numpy as np
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import pandas as pd
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from datetime import datetime
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import os
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import time
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# ── 检查 baostock ──
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try:
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import baostock as bs
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except ImportError:
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print("请先安装: pip install baostock")
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raise
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print("=" * 68)
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print(" 真实数据获取演示 — Baostock 版")
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print(" Real Data Acquisition Demo with Baostock")
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print("=" * 68)
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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# §0 Baostock 的登录机制
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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#
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# Baostock 使用登录/登出模型。每次 session 需要 login() 开始，logout() 结束。
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# 免费用户每天有调用次数限制（通常够个人使用），不需要 Token。
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print("\n[§0] 登录 Baostock")
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lg = bs.login()
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if lg.error_code == '0':
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print(f" ✓ 登录成功")
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else:
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print(f" ✗ 登录失败: {lg.error_code} {lg.error_msg}")
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raise RuntimeError("Baostock 登录失败")
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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# §1 获取 5 只不同行业的代表股
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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#
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# Baostock 不支持 ETF 日线数据（stock_basic 里有 ETF 但 query_history 返回空）。
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# 这里选取 5 只不同行业的代表股 + 1 只债券 ETF 的替代（国债指数），
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# 后续学习 ETF 轮动策略时，用宽基指数或行业指数替代 ETF 即可。
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print("\n[§1] 获取 5 只不同行业的代表股")
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STOCKS = {
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"sh.600519": "贵州茅台 (消费)",
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"sz.000858": "五粮液 (白酒)",
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"sh.600036": "招商银行 (金融)",
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"sh.600276": "恒瑞医药 (医药)",
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"sz.300750": "宁德时代 (新能源)",
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}
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START_DATE = "2019-01-01"
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END_DATE = "2025-06-01"
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def fetch_k_data(code: str, start: str, end: str, freq: str = "d") -> pd.DataFrame:
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"""
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从 Baostock 获取日线数据，返回干净的 DataFrame。
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Baostock 返回的数据全部是字符串，需要转换为正确的数值类型。
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adjustflag="2" = 前复权。
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"""
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rs = bs.query_history_k_data_plus(
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code,
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"date,open,high,low,close,preclose,volume,amount,"
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"turn, tradestatus, pctChg, isST",
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start_date=start, end_date=end,
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frequency=freq,
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adjustflag="2" # 前复权
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)
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if rs.error_code != '0':
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print(f" {code} 查询失败: {rs.error_msg}")
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return pd.DataFrame()
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rows = []
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while rs.next():
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rows.append(rs.get_row_data())
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if not rows:
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return pd.DataFrame()
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df = pd.DataFrame(rows, columns=rs.fields)
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# ── 类型转换：Baostock 全是字符串 ──
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df['date'] = pd.to_datetime(df['date'])
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numeric_cols = ['open', 'high', 'low', 'close', 'preclose',
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'volume', 'amount', 'turn', 'pctChg']
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for col in numeric_cols:
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if col in df.columns:
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df[col] = pd.to_numeric(df[col], errors='coerce')
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return df.set_index('date').sort_index()
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stock_data = {}
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for code, name in STOCKS.items():
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print(f" 获取 {code} ({name})...", end=" ")
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df = fetch_k_data(code, START_DATE, END_DATE)
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if len(df) > 0:
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stock_data[code] = df
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print(f"{len(df)} 行, {df.index[0].date()} ~ {df.index[-1].date()}")
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else:
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print("无数据")
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time.sleep(0.3) # 礼貌间隔
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print(f"\n 成功获取: {len(stock_data)} / {len(STOCKS)} 只股票")
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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# §2 获取宽基指数 & 行业指数（替代 ETF）
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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#
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# Baostock 支持指数日线数据。指数代码格式: sh.000300 / sz.399006
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# 在 Baostock 的 stock_basic 中 type=2 的是指数。
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#
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# 下面选了:
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# • 3 个宽基指数 (沪深300, 中证500, 创业板指)
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# • 4 个行业/主题指数 (替代行业 ETF)
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# • 1 个国债指数 (替代国债 ETF, 用于避险)
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# =============================================================================
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print("\n[§2] 获取指数数据")
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# 宽基 + 行业指数
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INDICES = {
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# 宽基
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"sh.000300": "沪深300",
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"sh.000905": "中证500",
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"sz.399006": "创业板指",
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# 行业/主题 (替代行业 ETF)
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"sh.000948": "全指半导体",
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"sz.399967": "中证军工",
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"sh.000941": "全指医药",
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"sz.399396": "国证食品饮料",
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# 避险 (替代国债 ETF)
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"sh.000012": "国债指数",
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}
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index_data = {}
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for code, name in INDICES.items():
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print(f" 获取 {code} ({name})...", end=" ")
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df = fetch_k_data(code, START_DATE, END_DATE)
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if len(df) > 0:
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index_data[code] = df
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print(f"{len(df)} 行, {df.index[0].date()} ~ {df.index[-1].date()}")
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else:
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print("无数据")
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time.sleep(0.3)
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print(f"\n 成功获取: {len(index_data)} / {len(INDICES)} 个指数")
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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# §3 构建价格面板 & 数据清洗
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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print("\n[§3] 构建价格面板")
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# ── 3-A: 个股价格面板 ──
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if stock_data:
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stock_panel = pd.DataFrame({
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code: df['close'] for code, df in stock_data.items()
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})
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stock_panel.columns = [f"{code} ({STOCKS[code].split('(')[0].strip()})"
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for code in stock_panel.columns]
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print(f"\n 个股价格面板: {stock_panel.shape}")
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print(f" 日期: {stock_panel.index[0].date()} ~ {stock_panel.index[-1].date()}")
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# 缺失值
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missing = stock_panel.isna().sum()
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if missing.sum() > 0:
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print(f" 缺失值 (前5行):")
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for col, cnt in missing.items():
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if cnt > 0:
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print(f" {col}: {cnt} 天 ({cnt/len(stock_panel):.2%})")
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# 清洗
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clean_stock = stock_panel.ffill().dropna(how='any')
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print(f" 清洗前: {len(stock_panel)} 天, 清洗后: {len(clean_stock)} 天")
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# ── 3-B: 指数价格面板 ──
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if index_data:
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index_panel = pd.DataFrame({
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code: df['close'] for code, df in index_data.items()
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})
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index_panel.columns = [INDICES[code] for code in index_panel.columns]
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print(f"\n 指数价格面板: {index_panel.shape}")
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print(f" 日期: {index_panel.index[0].date()} ~ {index_panel.index[-1].date()}")
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missing_idx = index_panel.isna().sum()
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if missing_idx.sum() > 0:
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print(f" 各指数缺失天数:")
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for col, cnt in missing_idx.items():
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if cnt > 0:
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print(f" {col}: {cnt} 天")
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clean_index = index_panel.ffill().dropna(how='any')
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print(f" 清洗前: {len(index_panel)} 天, 清洗后: {len(clean_index)} 天")
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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# §4 快速分析：让数据"说话"
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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print("\n[§4] 快速分析")
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if stock_data:
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# ── 个股: 收益率 + 相关性 ──
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stock_ret = clean_stock.pct_change().dropna()
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ann_ret = (1 + stock_ret).prod() ** (252.0 / len(stock_ret)) - 1
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ann_vol = stock_ret.std() * np.sqrt(252)
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sharpe = (ann_ret - 0.02) / ann_vol
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print(f"\n 个股绩效 (2019-2025):")
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print(f" {'名称':<20s} {'年化收益':>8s} {'年化波动':>8s} {'夏普':>6s}")
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print(f" " + "-" * 42)
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for col in stock_ret.columns:
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print(f" {col:<20s} {ann_ret[col]:+7.1%} {ann_vol[col]:+7.1%} {sharpe[col]:+6.2f}")
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# 相关性矩阵 (3 只为例)
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corr = stock_ret.iloc[:, :5].corr()
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print(f"\n 个股相关性:")
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print(corr.round(3).to_string())
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if index_data:
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# ── 指数: 归一化走势 ──
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index_ret = clean_index.pct_change().dropna()
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print(f"\n 指数归一化走势 (基期=100):")
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norm = clean_index / clean_index.iloc[0] * 100
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last_vals = norm.iloc[-1].sort_values(ascending=False)
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for col, val in last_vals.items():
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print(f" {col:<12s}: {val:7.1f}")
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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# §5 展示部分行情数据 (快速检查)
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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print("\n[§5] 行情数据样本")
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if stock_data:
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# 取茅台，展示最关键的 6 列
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moutai = stock_data['sh.600519']
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if len(moutai) > 0:
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cols = ['open', 'high', 'low', 'close', 'volume', 'pctChg']
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available = [c for c in cols if c in moutai.columns]
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print(f"\n 贵州茅台 (sh.600519) 行情样本:")
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print(moutai[available].head(10).to_string())
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if index_data:
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# 沪深300
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hs300 = index_data.get('sh.000300')
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if hs300 is not None and len(hs300) > 0:
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print(f"\n 沪深300 (sh.000300) 最新 5 日:")
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cols = ['close', 'volume', 'pctChg']
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available = [c for c in cols if c in hs300.columns]
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print(hs300[available].tail(5).to_string())
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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# §6 数据存储
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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print("\n[§6] 数据存储")
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DATA_DIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "data", "baostock")
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os.makedirs(DATA_DIR, exist_ok=True)
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if stock_data:
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path = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "stock_prices.csv")
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clean_stock.to_csv(path)
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print(f" ✓ 个股价格面板 → {path}")
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if index_data:
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path = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "index_prices.csv")
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clean_index.to_csv(path)
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print(f" ✓ 指数价格面板 → {path}")
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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# §7 登出
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# ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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bs.logout()
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print("\n ✓ Baostock 登出")
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print("\n" + "=" * 68)
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print(" ✓ Baostock 数据获取 Demo 完成")
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print("=" * 68)
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print(f"""
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Baostock 特点总结:
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优点:
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• 完全免费，无需注册
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• 本地 SDK 直连，不受代理/VPN 影响
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• 不会被东方财富反爬封 IP (因为根本不用东方财富)
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• 支持股票 + 指数日线/分钟线
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• 自带前复权/后复权/不复权选择
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缺点:
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• 不支持 ETF 日线数据 (stock_basic 有 ETF 但查不出行情)
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• 数据更新慢 (通常 T+1 或 T+2)
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• 所有字段都是字符串，每次都要手动转类型
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• 没有财务数据 (PE/PB/ROE 等)
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• 接口较少，没有北向资金、融资融券等
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最佳用途:
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• AKShare 被封 IP 时的备用数据源
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• 个股回测的数据来源
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• 指数数据 (覆盖好)
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• 学习和概念验证 (快速、免费、零配置)
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后续建议:
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• 用这里的指数数据替代 ETF — 行业指数 ≈ 行业 ETF
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• 等 AKShare IP 解封后切回 AKShare (数据更全)
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• 长期稳定使用建议升级到 Tushare Pro
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""")
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